The longevity glossary

Longevity

noun /lon-jee-vee-ty/

Living longer while maintaining good health and function.

Healthspan

noun /helth-span/

The years of life spent in good health, with the ability to stay physically active, mentally capable and independent.

Lifespan

noun /lyfe-span/

The total number of years a person lives. Lifespan measures how long you live, while healthspan looks at how well you live.

Biological age

noun /bye-uh-loj-ih-kuhl ayj/

An estimate of biological ageing based on measurable characteristics that reflect physiological function and ageing-related changes.

Chronological age

noun /kron-uh-loj-ih-kuhl ayj/

A person's age measured by the number of years since birth.

Epigenetic age

noun /ep-ih-juh-net-ik ayj/

An estimate of biological age based on age-associated epigenetic patterns, commonly DNA methylation.

Cellular ageing

noun /sell-yuh-lur ay-jing/

The gradual changes cells undergo as they age, including accumulated damage and changes in normal function.

Cellular regeneration

noun /sell-yuh-lur ree-jen-uh-ray-shun/

The process by which cells are replaced or renewed to maintain and repair tissues.

Free radicals

noun /free rad-ih-kuhls/

Unstable molecules that can react with other molecules and potentially cause cellular damage.

Reactive oxygen species

noun /ree-ak-tiv ok-si-juhn spee-sheez/

Oxygen-containing molecules that can act in cell signalling or contribute to cellular damage.

Oxidative stress

noun /ok-si-day-tiv stress/

A state in which reactive molecules build up beyond the body's ability to control them.

Hormetic stress

noun /hor-met-ik stress/

Mild stress that triggers adaptive responses in the body.

Sirtuins

noun /sir-too-inz/

NAD+-dependent enzymes involved in gene regulation, metabolism, stress response, DNA repair and cellular maintenance.

Telomere length

noun /tel-uh-meer length/

The length of protective telomeric DNA at the ends of chromosomes.

DNA repair

noun /dee-en-ay ree-pair/

The processes cells use to detect and repair DNA damage.

Cellular cleanup processes

noun /sell-yuh-lur clean-up pro-sess-iz/

Systems cells use to remove or recycle damaged proteins, organelles and cellular waste.

Genomic instability

noun /juh-noh-mik in-stuh-bil-ih-tee/

An increased tendency for the genome to acquire mutations, DNA damage and other alterations.

DNA damage

noun /dee-en-ay dam-ij/

Alterations to DNA caused by metabolism, replication errors, radiation, chemicals or other stresses.

Chromosomal instability

noun /kroh-muh-soh-muhl in-stuh-bil-ih-tee/

An increased tendency for chromosomes to develop numerical or structural abnormalities.

Genome protection

noun /jee-nohm pro-tek-shun/

Mechanisms that preserve genome integrity by preventing or repairing DNA damage.

Genotoxic stress

noun /jee-noh-tok-sik stress/

Cellular stress caused by factors that can damage DNA or chromosomes.

Telomere shortening

noun /tel-uh-meer short-en-ing/

The progressive loss of telomeric DNA associated with cell division and cellular stress.

Chromosome protection

noun /kroh-muh-sohm pro-tek-shun/

Mechanisms that help maintain chromosome integrity and protect chromosome ends.

Cellular ageing markers

noun /sell-yuh-lur ay-jing mar-kurz/

Measurable features used to assess cellular ageing.

Epigenetic ageing

noun /ep-ih-juh-net-ik ay-jing/

Age-associated changes in epigenetic patterns that can alter gene regulation without changing DNA sequence.

DNA methylation

noun /dee-en-ay meth-uh-lay-shun/

A chemical modification of DNA that can influence gene activity.

Histone modification

noun /his-tohn mod-ih-fih-kay-shun/

Chemical changes to histone proteins that influence DNA packaging and gene accessibility.

Epigenetic reprogramming

noun /ep-ih-juh-net-ik ree-proh-gram-ing/

The process of altering or resetting cellular epigenetic states.

Biological age clocks

noun /bye-uh-loj-ih-kuhl ayj kloks/

Statistical models that estimate biological age using measurable biological features.

Autophagy impairment

noun /aw-tof-uh-jee im-pair-munt/

A reduction or disruption in autophagy that can impair cellular recycling.

Nutrient sensing pathways

noun /noo-tree-unt sen-sing path-wayz/

Cellular systems that detect nutrient and energy availability and adjust metabolism, growth and repair.

AMPK pathway

noun /ay-em-pee-kay path-way/

An energy-sensing pathway activated when cellular energy is low.

NAD+ metabolism

noun /en-ay-dee plus muh-tab-uh-liz-um/

The production, use and recycling of NAD+ within cells.

Metabolic signalling

noun /met-uh-bol-ik sig-nuh-ling/

Communication that helps regulate how the body responds to energy and nutrient availability.

Caloric restriction mimetics

noun /kuh-lor-ik ree-strik-shun mim-et-iks/

Compounds intended to mimic some biological effects associated with calorie restriction.

Mitochondrial health

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl health/

The ability of mitochondria to produce energy efficiently and maintain normal function.

Mitochondrial decline

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl dih-kline/

Age-related changes that reduce mitochondrial efficiency or function.

Mitochondrial biogenesis

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl bye-oh-jen-uh-sis/

The process through which cells increase mitochondrial mass and capacity.

Mitochondrial stress

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl stress/

Conditions that disrupt normal mitochondrial structure or function.

Mitochondrial resilience

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl ree-zil-ee-uhns/

The ability of mitochondria to withstand stress and maintain or recover function.

ATP production

noun /ay-tee-pee pro-duk-shun/

The process of producing ATP, the main energy-carrying molecule used by cells.

Oxidative phosphorylation

noun /ok-si-day-tiv fos-for-ih-lay-shun/

A mitochondrial process that produces ATP using the respiratory chain.

Energy metabolism

noun /en-er-jee muh-tab-uh-liz-um/

The processes cells use to obtain, store and use energy.

Cellular senescence

noun /sell-yuh-lur suh-ness-uhns/

A state in which cells permanently stop dividing but remain metabolically active.

Senescent cells

noun /suh-ness-unt cells/

Cells that have entered a stable state of cell-cycle arrest.

SASP

noun /sass-pee/

Senescence-associated secretory phenotype, a group of factors released by many senescent cells.

Senolytic compounds

noun /sen-oh-lit-ik kom-powndz/

Compounds studied for their ability to selectively target senescent cells.

Cellular ageing burden

noun /sell-yuh-lur ay-jing bur-dun/

The accumulation of aged, damaged or dysfunctional cells and cellular changes over time.

Stem cell decline

noun /stem cell dih-kline/

The age-related reduction in the ability of stem cells to maintain tissues.

Stem cell renewal

noun /stem cell ree-noo-uhl/

The ability of stem cells to maintain or replenish the stem-cell pool.

Cellular repair capacity

noun /sell-yuh-lur ree-pair kuh-pass-ih-tee/

The ability of cells and tissues to detect damage and restore normal structure and function.

Regenerative potential

noun /ree-jen-er-uh-tiv puh-ten-shuhl/

The ability of tissues or organisms to repair damage and replace damaged cells.

Inflammatory signalling

noun /in-flam-uh-tor-ee sig-nuh-ling/

Communication between cells that activates or regulates inflammatory responses.

Immune ageing

noun /ih-myoon ay-jing/

Age-related changes in immune function and inflammatory regulation.

Neuroinflammation

noun /noor-oh-in-fluh-may-shun/

An immune and inflammatory response within the nervous system.

Hormonal communication decline

noun /hor-moh-nuhl kuh-myoo-nih-kay-shun dih-kline/

Age-related changes in hormone production, signalling or response.

Autophagy

noun /aw-tof-uh-jee/

A cellular process that breaks down and recycles damaged proteins, organelles and other material.

Impaired autophagy

noun /im-paird aw-tof-uh-jee/

A reduction in the cell's ability to remove and recycle damaged components.

Autophagic flux

noun /aw-toh-faj-ik fluks/

The rate at which cellular material moves through the autophagy process.

Lysosomal function

noun /ly-suh-soh-muhl funk-shun/

The ability of lysosomes to break down and recycle cellular material.

Cellular recycling

noun /sell-yuh-lur ree-sy-kling/

The process by which cells break down unwanted components and reuse their building blocks.

Cellular renewal pathways

noun /sell-yuh-lur ree-noo-uhl path-wayz/

Biological processes that help cells replace damaged components and maintain function.

Low-grade inflammation

noun /loh-grayd in-fluh-may-shun/

A mild but persistent inflammatory state that can continue for long periods.

Systemic inflammation

noun /sis-tem-ik in-fluh-may-shun/

Inflammation that affects the body broadly rather than one specific site.

Inflammatory cascade

noun /in-flam-uh-tor-ee kas-kayd/

A chain of biological signals that activates additional inflammatory processes.

Pro-inflammatory markers

noun /proh in-flam-uh-tor-ee mar-kurz/

Measurable molecules associated with inflammatory activity.

Dysbiosis

noun /dis-bye-oh-sis/

A disruption or alteration in the composition or function of a microbial community.

Gut dysbiosis

noun /gut dis-bye-oh-sis/

An alteration in the composition or function of microorganisms in the digestive tract.

Microbiome imbalance

noun /my-kroh-bye-ohm im-bal-uhns/

A change in the composition, balance or function of a microbial community.

Ageing microbiome

noun /ay-jing my-kroh-bye-ohm/

Age-related changes in the composition and function of the body's microorganisms.

Microbial diversity loss

noun /my-kroh-bee-uhl dye-vur-sih-tee loss/

A reduction in the variety of microorganisms within a microbial community.

SCFA decline

noun /ess-see-eff-ay dih-kline/

A reduction in short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate and butyrate.

Gut barrier dysfunction

noun /gut bair-ee-er dis-funk-shun/

Reduced ability of the intestinal barrier to regulate what passes between the gut and body.

Age-related microbiome shifts

noun /ayj ree-lay-tid my-kroh-bye-ohm shifts/

Changes in microbial types, abundance or activity that occur with ageing.

Gut microbiome

noun /gut my-kroh-bye-ohm/

The community of microorganisms and their genetic material associated with the gastrointestinal tract.

Microbiome diversity

noun /my-kroh-bye-ohm dye-vur-sih-tee/

The variety of microorganisms within a microbial community.

Beneficial bacteria

noun /ben-uh-fish-uhl bak-teer-ee-uh/

Bacteria that may support functions such as nutrient metabolism, barrier function or protection against harmful microorganisms.

Commensals

noun /kuh-men-suhls/

Microorganisms that live with a host without causing apparent harm under typical conditions.

Pathobionts

noun /path-oh-bye-onts/

Resident microorganisms that can contribute to disease under certain conditions.

Pathogens

noun /path-uh-jenz/

Microorganisms capable of causing disease or infection.

Short-chain fatty acids

noun /short-chain fat-ee ass-idz/

Fatty acids such as acetate, propionate and butyrate produced mainly by gut microbes during fermentation.

Butyrate

noun /byoo-tuh-rayt/

A short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria during fermentation of dietary fibre.

Propionate

noun /proh-pee-uh-nayt/

A short-chain fatty acid produced during microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.

Acetate

noun /ass-ih-tayt/

A major short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbes.

Gut-brain axis

noun /gut-brayn ak-sis/

The two-way communication network connecting the gut and brain.

Gut-immune axis

noun /gut ih-myoon ak-sis/

Communication between the gut microbiome, intestinal tissues and immune system.

Intestinal permeability

noun /in-tes-tih-nuhl per-mee-uh-bil-ih-tee/

The degree to which substances can pass through the intestinal lining.

Leaky gut

noun /lee-kee gut/

A common term for increased intestinal permeability.

IBS

noun /eye-bee-ess/

Irritable bowel syndrome, a digestive disorder associated with abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel habits.

IBD

noun /eye-bee-dee/

Inflammatory bowel disease, including chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Bacteria

noun /bak-teer-ee-uh/

Single-celled microorganisms found throughout the body and environment.

Archaea

noun /ar-kee-uh/

Single-celled microorganisms distinct from bacteria.

Fungi

noun /fun-jye/

Organisms including yeasts and moulds.

Virus

noun /vy-rus/

An infectious biological entity that requires host cells to replicate.

Metagenomics

noun /met-uh-juh-nom-iks/

The study of genetic material collected directly from a microbial community.

16S sequencing

noun /six-teen-ess see-kwen-sing/

A DNA sequencing method used to identify and study bacteria and archaea.

Functional pathways

noun /funk-shuh-nuhl path-wayz/

Groups of genes and biological processes that work together to perform a specific function.

Postbiotics

noun /post-bye-ot-iks/

Preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components that can provide a health benefit.

Prebiotics

noun /pree-bye-ot-iks/

Substances selectively used by beneficial microorganisms that can support health.

Probiotics

noun /proh-bye-ot-iks/

Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, can confer a health benefit.

Microbiome sequencing

noun /my-kroh-bye-ohm see-kwen-sing/

The use of DNA sequencing to identify and study microorganisms in a microbial community.

Microbiome biomarkers

noun /my-kroh-bye-ohm bye-oh-mar-kurz/

Measurable microbiome features that can indicate a biological state or change.

Metabolic health

noun /met-uh-bol-ik health/

A state in which glucose, blood pressure, lipid metabolism and energy balance are well regulated.

Insulin resistance

noun /in-suh-lin ree-zis-tuhns/

A condition in which cells respond less effectively to insulin.

Blood sugar regulation

noun /blud shoo-gur reg-yuh-lay-shun/

The processes that help maintain blood glucose within an appropriate range.

Metabolic syndrome

noun /met-uh-bol-ik sin-drohm/

A group of metabolic abnormalities that can include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal blood fats and increased abdominal fat.

NMN

noun /en-em-en/

Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a compound the body can use to produce NAD+.

β-NMN

noun /bay-tuh en-em-en/

The beta form of nicotinamide mononucleotide used as an NAD+ precursor.

NAD+

noun /en-ay-dee plus/

A coenzyme involved in cellular energy, signalling and DNA repair.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate

noun /al-fuh kee-toh-gloo-tuh-rayt/

A molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism and the citric acid cycle.

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)

noun /kal-see-um al-fuh kee-toh-gloo-tuh-rayt/

The calcium salt of alpha-ketoglutarate.

Creatine

noun /kree-uh-teen/

A compound that helps supply energy, particularly during high-energy demand.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

noun /koh-en-zyme cue-ten/

A compound involved in mitochondrial energy production and antioxidant defence.

Ubiquinol

noun /yoo-bik-wih-nol/

The reduced form of CoQ10.

PQQ

noun /pee-cue-cue/

Pyrroloquinoline quinone, a compound studied for mitochondrial and cellular functions.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt

noun /peer-oh-loh-kwin-oh-leen kwin-own dye-soh-dee-um salt/

A supplemental form of PQQ.

Urolithin A

noun /yoo-roh-lih-thin ay/

A metabolite studied for its role in mitochondrial quality control and mitophagy.

L-Carnitine

noun /el kar-nih-teen/

A compound involved in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

noun /al-fuh ly-poh-ik ass-id/

A compound involved in mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant processes.

Spermidine

noun /spur-mih-deen/

A naturally occurring polyamine involved in cellular maintenance and autophagy.

Spermidine Trihydrochloride

noun /spur-mih-deen try-hy-droh-klor-ide/

A supplemental form of spermidine.

Fisetin

noun /fye-suh-tin/

A plant flavonoid studied for its effects on cellular signalling and senescent cells.

Autophagy boosters

noun /aw-tof-uh-jee boo-sturz/

Compounds or interventions studied for their potential to support autophagy.

Senolytic compounds

noun /sen-oh-lit-ik kom-powndz/

Compounds studied for their ability to selectively target senescent cells.

Trans-Resveratrol

noun /trans rez-veer-uh-trol/

A plant polyphenol studied for its effects on cellular and metabolic pathways.

Japanese Knotweed Extract

noun /jap-uh-neez not-weed ek-strakt/

A botanical extract commonly used as a source of resveratrol.

Trans-Pterostilbene

noun /trans tair-oh-stil-been/

A plant compound related to resveratrol.

Quercetin

noun /kwer-suh-tin/

A flavonoid with antioxidant and cell-signalling properties.

Liposomal Quercetin

noun /ly-poh-soh-muhl kwer-suh-tin/

Quercetin delivered using a lipid-based system.

Curcumin

noun /kur-kyoo-min/

A turmeric-derived polyphenol with antioxidant and cell-signalling activity.

Polyphenols

noun /pol-ee-fee-nolz/

A broad group of bioactive plant compounds.

Flavonoids

noun /flay-vuh-noydz/

A major family of plant polyphenols.

Catechins

noun /kat-uh-kins/

Flavonoids commonly found in tea.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)

noun /en-ass-ih-til sis-tee-een/

A cysteine derivative used by the body to make glutathione.

Glutathione

noun /gloo-tuh-thy-own/

An antioxidant naturally produced by cells.

Lycopene

noun /lye-koh-peen/

A carotenoid with antioxidant activity.

Antioxidants

noun /an-tee-ok-si-dunts/

Substances that help control reactive molecules and oxidative damage.

Bilberry Extract

noun /bil-bair-ee ek-strakt/

A berry extract containing anthocyanins and polyphenols.

Green Tea Extract

noun /green tee ek-strakt/

A concentrated source of tea polyphenols.

Vitamin B1

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-one/

Thiamine, a vitamin involved in energy metabolism and nerve function.

Thiamine

noun /thy-uh-min/

Vitamin B1.

Thiamine HCl

noun /thy-uh-min aych-see-el/

A supplemental form of vitamin B1.

Benfotiamine

noun /ben-foh-thy-uh-meen/

A derivative of thiamine.

Vitamin B2

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-two/

Riboflavin, a vitamin involved in energy metabolism.

Riboflavin

noun /rye-boh-flay-vin/

Vitamin B2.

Riboflavin-5-Phosphate

noun /rye-boh-flay-vin five fos-fayt/

An active coenzyme form of vitamin B2.

Vitamin B3

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-three/

Niacin, a vitamin involved in energy metabolism.

Niacin

noun /nye-uh-sin/

A collective term for vitamin B3 forms.

Nicotinamide

noun /nik-uh-tin-uh-mide/

A form of vitamin B3 involved in NAD+ metabolism.

Nicotinic Acid

noun /nik-uh-tin-ik ass-id/

A form of vitamin B3.

Vitamin B5

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-five/

Pantothenic acid, involved in coenzyme A production.

Pantothenic Acid

noun /pan-toh-then-ik ass-id/

Vitamin B5.

Calcium Pantothenate

noun /kal-see-um pan-toh-then-ayt/

A supplemental form of vitamin B5.

Pantethine

noun /pan-tuh-theen/

A derivative of pantothenic acid.

Vitamin B6

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-six/

A vitamin involved in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P)

noun /peer-ih-dok-suhl five fos-fayt/

The active coenzyme form of vitamin B6.

Vitamin B7

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-seven/

Biotin, involved in nutrient metabolism.

Biotin

noun /by-oh-tin/

Vitamin B7.

Vitamin B9

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-nine/

Folate, involved in DNA synthesis and methylation.

Folate

noun /foh-layt/

Vitamin B9.

L-5-MTHF

noun /el-five em-tee-aych-ef/

A biologically active form of folate.

L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate

noun /el-five meth-ul-tet-ruh-hy-droh-foh-layt/

An active form of folate.

Vitamin B12

noun /vy-tuh-min bee-twelve/

Cobalamin, involved in red blood cell formation, nerve function and methylation.

Methylcobalamin

noun /meth-ul-koh-bal-uh-min/

A methylated coenzyme form of vitamin B12.

Adenosylcobalamin

noun /uh-den-oh-sil-koh-bal-uh-min/

A mitochondrial coenzyme form of vitamin B12.

TMG

noun /tee-em-jee/

Trimethylglycine, involved in methyl-group metabolism.

Betaine

noun /bee-tuh-een/

Another name for trimethylglycine.

Betaine Anhydrous

noun /bee-tuh-een an-hy-drus/

A supplemental form of betaine.

Myo-Inositol

noun /my-oh ih-noss-ih-tol/

A naturally occurring compound involved in cellular signalling.

Vitamin A

noun /vy-tuh-min ay/

A vitamin involved in vision, immunity and cell differentiation.

Retinyl Palmitate

noun /ret-ih-nil pal-mih-tayt/

A supplemental and storage form of vitamin A.

Vitamin D3

noun /vy-tuh-min dee-three/

A form of vitamin D involved in calcium regulation, bone health and immune function.

Cholecalciferol

noun /koh-lee-kal-sif-er-ol/

The chemical name for vitamin D3.

Vitashine®

noun /vy-tuh-shyne/

A lichen-derived source of vitamin D3.

Vitamin K2

noun /vy-tuh-min kay-two/

A vitamin involved in proteins that regulate calcium and blood clotting.

Vitamin K2 MK-7

noun /vy-tuh-min kay-two em-kay-seven/

The menaquinone-7 form of vitamin K2.

Menaquinone-7

noun /men-uh-kwin-own seven/

The MK-7 form of vitamin K2.

Vitamin E

noun /vy-tuh-min ee/

A family of fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant activity.

D-Alpha Tocopherol

noun /dee al-fuh toh-koff-er-ol/

A biologically active form of vitamin E.

Vitamin C

noun /vy-tuh-min see/

An essential vitamin involved in antioxidant protection, collagen formation and immune function.

Ascorbic Acid

noun /uh-skor-bik ass-id/

The chemical form of vitamin C.

Liposomal Vitamin C

noun /ly-poh-soh-muhl vy-tuh-min see/

Vitamin C delivered using a lipid-based system.

Bromelain

noun /broh-muh-layn/

A group of protein-digesting enzymes derived primarily from pineapple.

Magnesium

noun /mag-nee-zee-um/

An essential mineral involved in muscle, nerve, energy and enzyme function.

Magnesium Bisglycinate

noun /mag-nee-zee-um bis-gly-sih-nayt/

Magnesium bound to glycine.

Magnesium Malate

noun /mag-nee-zee-um mal-ayt/

Magnesium bound to malic acid.

Magnesium Taurate

noun /mag-nee-zee-um tor-ayt/

Magnesium combined with taurine.

Magnesium Citrate

noun /mag-nee-zee-um sit-rayt/

Magnesium combined with citric acid.

Aquamin® Magnesium

noun /ak-wuh-min mag-nee-zee-um/

A marine-derived source of magnesium and trace minerals.

Lipoza® Magnesium

noun /lih-poh-zuh mag-nee-zee-um/

A lipid-based magnesium form.

Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate

noun /mag-nee-zee-um uh-mee-noh ass-id kee-layt/

Magnesium bound to amino acids.

Elemental Magnesium

noun /el-uh-men-tuhl mag-nee-zee-um/

The actual amount of magnesium supplied by a magnesium compound.

Manganese

noun /man-guh-neez/

An essential trace mineral involved in metabolism and antioxidant enzymes.

Manganese Citrate

noun /man-guh-neez sit-rayt/

A citrate form of manganese.

Trace Minerals

noun /trays min-er-uhls/

Essential minerals required by the body in small amounts.

Glycine

noun /gly-seen/

An amino acid involved in protein synthesis and metabolic processes.

L-Glycine

noun /el gly-seen/

The biologically occurring form of glycine.

Taurine

noun /tor-een/

An amino-sulphonic acid involved in several cellular and physiological processes.

Amino Acid

noun /uh-mee-noh ass-id/

A building block used to make proteins and other biological molecules.

Collagen

noun /kol-uh-juhn/

A structural protein found in skin, bones, cartilage and connective tissue.

Collagen Peptides

noun /kol-uh-juhn pep-tydz/

Smaller protein fragments produced by breaking down collagen.

Hyaluronic Acid

noun /hy-uh-loo-ron-ik ass-id/

A naturally occurring molecule involved in tissue hydration and structure.

Ginger Extract

noun /jin-jur ek-strakt/

A botanical extract containing bioactive compounds from ginger.

Ginseng

noun /jin-seng/

A botanical studied for effects related to energy, stress response and metabolism.

Japanese Knotweed Extract

noun /jap-uh-neez not-weed ek-strakt/

A botanical extract commonly used as a source of resveratrol.

Bilberry Extract

noun /bil-bair-ee ek-strakt/

A berry extract rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols.

Green Tea Extract

noun /green tee ek-strakt/

A concentrated source of tea polyphenols.

Black Pepper Extract

noun /black pep-er ek-strakt/

A botanical extract commonly used as a source of piperine.

Piperine

noun /pie-puh-reen/

A compound found in black pepper and commonly used in formulations to influence bioavailability.

Melatonin

noun /mel-uh-toh-nin/

A hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

MCT Oil

noun /em-see-tee oil/

Medium-chain triglyceride oil used as a lipid carrier.

Liposomal Delivery

noun /ly-poh-soh-muhl dih-liv-er-ee/

A delivery system that incorporates ingredients into lipid-based structures.

Cognitive function

noun /kog-nih-tiv funk-shun/

Mental processes involved in memory, attention, learning, reasoning and decision-making.

Cognitive decline

noun /kog-nih-tiv dih-kline/

A reduction in mental abilities such as memory, attention, reasoning or problem-solving.

Neuroprotection

noun /noor-oh-proh-tek-shun/

The protection of nerve cells and nervous system function from damage or degeneration.

Circadian rhythm

noun /sir-kay-dee-uhn rith-um/

The body's roughly 24-hour internal cycle regulating sleep, wakefulness and other processes.

Collagen degradation

noun /kol-uh-juhn deg-ruh-day-shun/

The breakdown of collagen proteins in tissues.

Skin ageing

noun /skin ay-jing/

Gradual changes in skin structure and function that occur with age.

Detox pathways

noun /dee-toks path-wayz/

Biological processes that modify and eliminate endogenous or external compounds.

Immune modulation

noun /ih-myoon mod-yuh-lay-shun/

The process of changing or regulating immune system activity.

Biomarkers

noun /bye-oh-mar-kurz/

Measurable biological characteristics that can indicate a biological process, health state or response to an intervention.

Biological age markers

noun /bye-uh-loj-ih-kuhl ayj mar-kurz/

Measurable features used to estimate biological age or ageing-related changes.

Metabolic biomarkers

noun /met-uh-bol-ik bye-oh-mar-kurz/

Measurable characteristics that provide information about metabolic processes or health.

Inflammation markers

noun /in-fluh-may-shun mar-kurz/

Measurable substances associated with inflammatory activity.

Hallmarks of ageing

noun /hawl-marks of ay-jing/

A framework describing interconnected biological processes that contribute to ageing.

Precision nutrition

noun /pree-sizh-un noo-trish-un/

An approach that uses individual characteristics such as genetics, metabolism, lifestyle or microbiome data to guide nutrition.

Cellular nutrition

noun /sell-yuh-lur noo-trish-un/

The nutrients and metabolic inputs cells require to produce energy and maintain function.

Stress resilience

noun /stress ree-zil-ee-uhns/

The ability to adapt to and recover from physical or psychological stress.

Recovery

noun /ree-kuv-uh-ree/

The process through which the body restores function after exercise, stress, illness or other demands.

Mitochondrial energy

noun /my-toh-kon-dree-uhl en-er-jee/

ATP produced by mitochondria through metabolic processes.

Optimised metabolism

noun /op-tih-myzd muh-tab-uh-liz-um/

Efficient regulation and use of energy and nutrients.

Biohacking

noun /bye-oh-hak-ing/

The practice of using lifestyle changes, technology, data or other interventions to influence health or performance.

Cold exposure

noun /kohld ik-spoh-zhur/

Deliberate exposure to cold temperatures to trigger physiological responses.

Ice baths

noun /eyes baths/

A form of cold-water immersion.

Cryotherapy

noun /kry-oh-thair-uh-pee/

The use of very cold temperatures for therapeutic or recovery purposes.

Heat therapy

noun /heet thair-uh-pee/

The deliberate use of heat to raise body or tissue temperature.

Sauna biohacking

noun /saw-nuh bye-oh-hak-ing/

The deliberate use of sauna exposure as a lifestyle or recovery practice.

Red light therapy

noun /red light thair-uh-pee/

The use of red or near-infrared wavelengths of light for therapeutic or wellness purposes.

Intermittent fasting

noun /in-ter-mit-unt fas-ting/

An eating pattern that alternates between periods of eating and fasting.

Time-restricted eating

noun /time ree-strik-tid ee-ting/

An eating pattern in which food is consumed within a consistent daily time window.

Sleep optimisation

noun /sleep op-tih-my-zay-shun/

The practice of improving sleep duration, timing, quality and consistency.

Stress resilience training

noun /stress ree-zil-ee-uhns tray-ning/

Practices intended to support adaptation to and recovery from psychological or physiological stress.